00:00:00.350 natural gas natural gas is primarily 00:00:04.10000:00:04.110 methane or ch4 with smaller quantities 00:00:07.19000:00:07.200 of other hydrocarbons it was formed 00:00:09.98000:00:09.990 millions of years ago when dead 00:00:11.78000:00:11.790 organisms sunk to the bottom of the 00:00:13.49000:00:13.500 ocean and were buried under deposits of 00:00:15.53000:00:15.540 sedimentary rock subject to intense heat 00:00:19.40000:00:19.410 and pressure these organisms underwent a 00:00:21.56000:00:21.570 transformation in which they were 00:00:22.91000:00:22.920 converted to gas over millions of years 00:00:25.48000:00:25.490 natural gas is found underground rocks 00:00:28.09900:00:28.109 called reservoirs the rocks have tiny 00:00:30.91900:00:30.929 spaces called pores that allow them to 00:00:32.84000:00:32.850 hold water natural gas and sometimes oil 00:00:35.29900:00:35.309 the natural gas is trapped underground 00:00:37.45900:00:37.469 by impermeable rock called a cap rock 00:00:39.86000:00:39.870 and stays there until it is extracted 00:00:42.36900:00:42.379 natural gas can be categorized as dry or 00:00:45.35000:00:45.360 wet dry gas is essentially gas that 00:00:48.59000:00:48.600 contains mostly methane let gas on the 00:00:51.88900:00:51.899 other hand contains compounds such as 00:00:53.77900:00:53.789 ethane and butane in addition to methane 00:00:56.47000:00:56.480 these natural gas liquids or NGLs for 00:00:59.51000:00:59.520 short can be separated and sold 00:01:01.31000:01:01.320 individually for various uses such as in 00:01:03.95000:01:03.960 refrigerants and to produce products 00:01:05.75000:01:05.760 like plastics conventional natural gas 00:01:08.48000:01:08.490 can be extracted for drilling wells 00:01:11.28900:01:11.299 unconventional forms of natural gas like 00:01:13.70000:01:13.710 shale gas tight gas sour gas and coal 00:01:16.64000:01:16.650 bed methane has specific extraction 00:01:18.80000:01:18.810 techniques natural gas can also be found 00:01:22.13000:01:22.140 in reservoirs with oil and is sometimes 00:01:23.99000:01:24.000 extracted alongside oil this type of 00:01:26.99000:01:27.000 natural gas is called associated gas in 00:01:29.48000:01:29.490 the past associated gas was commonly 00:01:31.96900:01:31.979 flared or burned as a waste product but 00:01:34.37000:01:34.380 in most places today it is captured and 00:01:36.26000:01:36.270 used once extracted natural gas is sent 00:01:39.59000:01:39.600 through small pipe lines called 00:01:40.94000:01:40.950 gathering lines to processing plants 00:01:42.74000:01:42.750 which separate the various hydrocarbons 00:01:44.45000:01:44.460 and fluids from the pure natural gas to 00:01:47.09000:01:47.100 produce what is known as pipeline 00:01:48.53000:01:48.540 quality dry natural gas before it can be 00:01:50.96000:01:50.970 transported processing involves four 00:01:53.38900:01:53.399 main steps to remove the various 00:01:54.95000:01:54.960 impurities 00:01:56.35000:01:56.360 oil and condensate removal water removal 00:02:00.36000:02:00.370 separation of natural gas liquids sulfur 00:02:03.55000:02:03.560 and carbon dioxide removal gas is then 00:02:06.91000:02:06.920 transported through pipelines called 00:02:08.56000:02:08.570 feeders to distribution centers or 00:02:10.84000:02:10.850 stored in underground reservoirs for 00:02:12.67000:02:12.680 later use 00:02:13.39000:02:13.400 in some cases gas is liquefied for 00:02:16.60000:02:16.610 shipping in large tankers across oceans 00:02:18.72000:02:18.730 this type of gas is called liquefied 00:02:21.22000:02:21.230 natural gas or LNG natural gas is mostly 00:02:25.03000:02:25.040 used for domestic or industrial heating 00:02:27.13000:02:27.140 and to generate electricity it could 00:02:29.83000:02:29.840 also be compressed and used to fuel 00:02:31.57000:02:31.580 vehicles and as a feedstock for 00:02:33.25000:02:33.260 fertilizers hydrogen fuel cells and 00:02:35.23000:02:35.240 other chemical processes natural gas 00:02:38.74000:02:38.750 development especially in the United 00:02:40.39000:02:40.400 States has increased as a result of 00:02:42.31000:02:42.320 technological advances in horizontal 00:02:44.19900:02:44.209 drilling and hydraulic fracturing when 00:02:47.38000:02:47.390 natural gas is burned there are fewer 00:02:49.30000:02:49.310 greenhouse gas emissions and air 00:02:50.89000:02:50.900 pollutants when compared to other fossil 00:02:52.44900:02:52.459 fuels in fact when used to produce 00:02:55.24000:02:55.250 electricity natural gas emits 00:02:57.49000:02:57.500 approximately half the carbon emissions 00:02:59.23000:02:59.240 of coal despite fewer emissions natural 00:03:01.93000:03:01.940 gas is still a source of co2 in addition 00:03:05.14000:03:05.150 methane is a potent greenhouse gas 00:03:06.82000:03:06.830 itself having nearly 24 times the impact 00:03:09.69900:03:09.709 of co2 during the extraction and 00:03:12.31000:03:12.320 transportation process natural gas can 00:03:14.62000:03:14.630 escape into the atmosphere and 00:03:16.15000:03:16.160 contribute to climate change natural gas 00:03:19.87000:03:19.880 leaks are also dangerous to nearby 00:03:21.43000:03:21.440 communities because it is a colorless 00:03:23.29000:03:23.300 odorless highly toxic and highly 00:03:25.42000:03:25.430 explosive gas that's natural gas
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